Agenda Session

This presentation reviews advancements in lithium battery technologies for underwater vehicles, focusing on endurance, structural design, and energy density. It compares primary lithium chemistries—specifically lithium manganese dioxide (LiMnO₂), lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl₂), and BCX—highlighting their performance benefits and limitations. Secondary subsea batteries are examined through endurance testing of SeaSafe Battery Modules at 25°C and 0°C, illustrating trade-offs in capacity, current rate, and operational reliability. Real-world subsea applications and key endurance takeaways demonstrate ongoing progress toward safer, higher-performance energy solutions for long-duration underwater missions.